In our previous study, a mono-digestion system feeding Pennisetum hybrid failed at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.0 g VS/(L⋅d). The reported maximum biomass yield reached 88 metric ton/ha/year for Pennisetum purpureum. Hybrid Pennisetum, perennial C4 grass, is considered to be an alternative perennial energy crop. However, further research is necessary to determine the optimal operating performance and potential variation in microbial communities of co-digested MSW with other materials in a semi-continuous mode. Accelerating the bacteria contributing to hydrolysis and acidification promoted the hydrolysis of OFMSW by co-digestion with food waste. The OFMSW after extrusion press treatment achieved stable operation with optimum TS content of 15–20% and 30 days of hydraulic retention time (HRT). A maximum biogas yield of 558.5 mL/g VS added was obtained for the co-digestion system of rice straw, organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), and thickened waste-activated sludge at a ratio of 0.5:3:0.5. A ratio of 2:1 was found to be optimal for the co-digestion of MSW and rice straw with better biodegradability and higher methane potential. Factors such as the mixture ratio of different materials and pretreatment methods have been studied. Specific biogas yields (SBYs) of 158–553 mL/g VS have been reported for MSW. However, it has great potential for producing renewable energy, such as biogas production via anaerobic digestion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is conventional biomass with a complex composition and season/site-dependence. From the perspective of biogas yield and environmental performance, co-digestion is an alternative strategy for stabilizing anaerobic digestion and improving ecological efficiency. Further, subsequent life cycle assessments showed that a greater potential for lower phosphorus eutrophication and reduced global warming was achieved when using a co-digestion system of grass and manure, as compared with the mono-digestion of dairy cow manure. An improvement in methane yield was observed for Indian grass ( Eleusine indica (L.)) co-digested with sewage sludge, as compared with the mono-digestion of the Indian grass. One method to overcome these shortcomings is co-digestion. However, the mono-digestion systems of energy grass crops fail because of mechanical breakdown and nutrient deficiency. The potential of biogas yield for some energy crops has been studied and specific methane yields (SMY) of 174–202 mL/g volatile solids (VS), 247–267 mL/g VS, and 191–309 mL/g VS have been reported for reed canarygrass, Miscanthus, and switchgrass, respectively. One of the most efficient and sustainable feedstocks for producing bioenergy are perennial energy crops, which are a type of artificially cultivated biomass with an advantageous perennial nature and superior quality and yield. Many kinds of waste, such as manure and kitchen waste, have been used as renewable energy sources, but the limiting factor of widespread application is supply. Anaerobic digestion is a technology applied worldwide.
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